Cardiac Baroreceptor Sensitivity Is Impaired After Acute Stroke

Abstract

Background and Purpose The blood pressure (BP) fall and increased BP variability after acute stroke have been previously described. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms producing these findings are unclear but may include abnormalities of cardiac baroreceptor reflex arc and/or changes in sympathetic nervous system activity. To date, evidence of impaired cardiac baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS) after stroke is limited to patients with chronic disease as determined by invasive methodology. Therefore, it was proposed to assess cardiac BRS and sympathovagal balance with the use of novel noninvasive techniques after acute stroke. Methods Thirty-seven acute stroke patients underwent simultaneous surface electrocardiographic and noninvasive beat-to-beat BP recording. Cardiac BRS was assessed by power spectral analysis techniques, and sympathovagal balance was determined from the ratio of the low- to high-frequency powers for pulse interval variability. The responses were compared with a control group matched for age, sex, and BP. Results Median cardiac BRS was significantly lower in stroke patients than in control subjects (high-frequency α-index, 4.89 versus 6.50 ms/mm Hg; P =.007; combined α-index, 4.65 versus 5.46 ms/mm Hg; P =.02). Median normalized high- but not low-frequency power of systolic BP variability was significantly greater in stroke patients (11.0 versus 6.7 normalized units; P <.001), probably reflecting differences in the mechanical effects of respiration on BP in stroke patients. No significant differences were observed in the power spectrum of pulse interval variability between stroke patients and control subjects. Patients with right hemisphere strokes, however, had a significant reduction in median high-frequency pulse interval power compared with patients with left hemisphere strokes (8 versus 20 normalized units; P =.03), which may reflect a change in sympathovagal balance in favor of increased sympathetic tone in this group. Conclusions The impairment of cardiac BRS may be important in explaining the increased BP variability after stroke. There was no significant difference in surrogate measures of sympathovagal activity between acute stroke patients and control subjects, but right hemisphere stroke patients had a significant alteration in the sympathovagal balance of pulse interval variability compared with left hemisphere stroke patients. This sympathetic predominance in right hemisphere strokes may be important in the development of cardiac arrhythmias after stroke. The prognostic implications of these findings need to be further explored.