Platelets and Megakaryocytes Contain Functional Nuclear Factor-κB

Abstract

Objective— To investigate the presence and role of NF-κB proteins in megakaryocytes and platelets. The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factor family is well known for its role in eliciting inflammation and promoting cell survival. We discovered that human megakaryocytes and platelets express the majority of NF-κB family members, including the regulatory inhibitor-κB (I-κB) and I-κ kinase (IKK) molecules. Methods and Results— Anucleate platelets exposed to NF-κB inhibitors demonstrated impaired fundamental functions involved in repairing vascular injury and thrombus formation. Specifically, NF-κB inhibition diminished lamellapodia formation, decreased clot retraction times, and reduced thrombus stability. Moreover, inhibition of I-κB-α phosphorylation (BAY-11-7082) reverted fully spread platelets back to a spheroid morphology. Addition of recombinant IKK-β or I-κB-α protein to BAY inhibitor–treated platelets partially restored platelet spreading in I-κB-α inhibited platelets, and addition of active IKK-β increased endogenous I-κB-α phosphorylation levels. Conclusion— These novel findings support a crucial and nonclassical role for the NF-κB family in modulating platelet function and reveal that platelets are sensitive to NF-κB inhibitors. As NF-κB inhibitors are being developed as antiinflammatory and anticancer agents, they may have unintended effects on platelets. On the basis of these data, NF-κB is also identified as a new target to dampen unwanted platelet activation.