Chronic Electronic Cigarette Use and Atherosclerosis Risk in Young People: A Cross-Sectional Study—Brief Report

Abstract

Background: Little is known whether electronic cigarettes (ECIG) increase vulnerability to future atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We determined, using an ex vivo mechanistic atherogenesis assay, whether proatherogenic changes including monocyte transendothelial migration and monocyte-derived foam cell formation are increased in people who use ECIGs. Methods: In a cross-sectional single-center study using plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy participants who are nonsmokers or with exclusive use of ECIGs or tobacco cigarettes (TCIGs), autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells with patient plasma and pooled peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy nonsmokers with patient plasma were utilized to dissect patient-specific ex vivo proatherogenic circulating factors present in plasma and cellular factors present in monocytes. Our main outcomes were monocyte transendothelial migration (% of blood monocyte cells that undergo transendothelial migration through a collagen gel) and monocyte-derived foam cell formation as determined by flow cytometry and the median fluorescence intensity of the lipid-staining fluorochrome BODIPY in monocytes of participants in the setting of an ex vivo model of atherogenesis. Results: Study participants (N=60) had median age of 24.0 years (interquartile range [IQR], 22.0–25.0 years), and 31 were females. Monocyte transendothelial migration was increased in people who exclusively used TCIGs (n=18; median [IQR], 2.30 [ 1.29–2.82]; P <0.001) and in people who exclusively used ECIGs (n=21; median [IQR], 1.42 [ 0.96–1.91]; P <0.01) compared with nonsmoking controls (n=21; median [IQR], 1.05 [0.66–1.24]). Monocyte-derived foam cell formation was increased in people who exclusively used TCIGs (median [IQR], 2.01 [ 1.59–2.49]; P <0.001) and in people who exclusively used ECIGs (median [IQR], 1.54 [ 1.10–1.86]; P <0.001) compared with nonsmoker controls (median [IQR], 0.97 [0.86–1.22]). Both monocyte transendothelial migration and monocyte-derived foam cell formation were higher in TCIG smokers compared with ECIG users and in ECIG users who were former smokers versus ECIG users who were never smokers ( P <0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusions: The finding of alterations in proatherogenic properties of blood monocytes and plasma in TCIG smokers compared with nonsmokers validates this assay as a strong ex vivo mechanistic tool with which to measure proatherogenic changes in people who use ECIGs. Similar yet significantly less severe alterations in proatherogenic properties of monocytes and plasma were detected in the blood from ECIG users. Future studies are necessary to determine whether these findings are attributable to a residual effect of prior smoking or are a direct effect of current ECIG use.