Remnant Cholesterol, Not LDL Cholesterol, Explains Peripheral Artery Disease Risk Conferred by apoB: A Cohort Study

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Elevated apoB-containing lipoproteins (=remnants+LDLs [low-density lipoproteins]) are a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, including peripheral artery disease (PAD) and myocardial infarction. We tested the hypothesis that remnants and LDL both explain part of the increased risk of PAD conferred by elevated apoB-containing lipoproteins. For comparison, we also studied the risk of chronic limb-threatening ischemia and myocardial infarction. METHODS: apoB, remnant cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol were measured in 93 461 individuals without statin use at baseline from the Copenhagen General Population Study (2003–2015). During up to 15 years of follow-up, 1207 had PAD, 552 had chronic limb-threatening ischemia, and 2022 had myocardial infarction in the Danish National Patient Registry. Remnant and LDL cholesterol were calculated from a standard lipid profile. Remnant and LDL particle counts were additionally measured with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 25 347 of the individuals. Results were replicated in 302 167 individuals without statin use from the UK Biobank (2004–2010). RESULTS: In the Copenhagen General Population Study, multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for risk of PAD per 1 mmol/L (39 mg/dL) increment in remnant and LDL cholesterol were 1.9 (95% CI, 1.5–2.4) and 1.1 (95% CI, 1.0–1.2), respectively; corresponding results in the UK Biobank were 1.7 (95% CI, 1.4–2.1) and 0.9 (95% CI, 0.9–1.0), respectively. In the association from elevated apoB to increased risk of PAD, remnant and LDL cholesterol explained 73% (32%–100%) and 8% (0%–46%), respectively; corresponding results were 63% (30%–100%) and 0% (0%–33%) for risk of chronic limb-threatening ischemia and 41% (27%–55%) and 54% (38%–70%) for risk of myocardial infarction; results for remnant and LDL particle counts corroborated these findings. CONCLUSIONS: PAD risk conferred by elevated apoB-containing lipoproteins was explained mainly by elevated remnants, while myocardial infarction risk was explained by both elevated remnants and LDL.