General Theory of Heart-Vector Projection

Author:

FRANK ERNEST1

Affiliation:

1. Electromedical Group, Research Division, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, and the Edward B. Robinette Foundation, Medical Clinic, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

Abstract

A mathematical and physical basis for heart-vector projection concepts is presented and its significance for current practices in frontal-plane and spatial electrocardiography is discussed. Assumptions underlying the theory are stated and utilized to derive a general relationship between the heart dipole and the potentials it produces in the body. Specific equations are given for unipolar and bipolar leads and the Wilson central-terminal voltage. Coefficients determined experimentally for human torso models differ markedly from those that stem from Einthoven's hypothesis. Einthoven's equilateral triangle represents a special case of the general theory. Geometric interpretations are applied to a quantitative frontal-plane example, to the Wilson central-terminal voltage and extended to the concept of an image surface corresponding to the human body surface.

Publisher

Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Subject

Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine,Physiology

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