Echocardiographic Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Death

Abstract

Background— This study assessed the echocardiographic predictors of sudden cardiac death (SCD) within 2 population-based cohorts. Methods and Results— Echocardiograms were obtained on 2383 participants (1993–1995) from the ARIC study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; 100% black) and 5366 participants (1987–1989 and 1994–1995) from the CHS (Cardiovascular Health Study). The main outcome was physician-adjudicated SCD. We used Cox proportional-hazards models with incident coronary heart disease and heart failure as time-dependent covariates to assess the association between echocardiographic variables and SCD, adjusting for Framingham risk score variables, coronary heart disease, and renal function. Cohort-specific results were meta-analyzed. During a median follow-up of 7.3 and 13.1 years, 44 ARIC study participants and 275 CHS participants had SCD, respectively. In the meta-analyzed results, the adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for predictors of SCD were 3.07 (2.29–4.11) for reduced left ventricular ejection fraction; 1.85 (1.36–2.52) for mitral annular calcification; 1.64 (1.07–2.51) for mitral E/A >1.5, and 1.52 (1.14–2.02) for mitral E/A <0.7 (versus mitral E/A 0.7–1.5); 1.30 (1.15–1.48) per 1 SD increase in left ventricular mass; and 1.15 (1.02–1.30) per 1 SD increase in left atrial diameter. A receiver-operating characteristic model for prediction of SCD using Framingham risk score variables had a C statistic of 0.61 for ARIC study and 0.67 for CHS; the full multivariable model including all echocardiographic variables had a C statistic of 0.76 for ARIC study and 0.74 for CHS. Conclusions— In addition to reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, we identified other echocardiographic-derived variables predictive for SCD that provided incremental value compared with clinical risk factors.