Early Versus Delayed Stroke After Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Author:

Gaudino Mario1,Rahouma Mohammed1,Di Mauro Michele1,Yanagawa Bobby2,Abouarab Ahmed1,Demetres Michelle3,Di Franco Antonino1,Arisha Mohammed J.4,Ibrahim Dina A.1,Baudo Massimo1,Girardi Leonard N.1,Fremes Stephen5

Affiliation:

1. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY

2. Division of Cardiac Surgery St. Michael's Hospital University of Toronto Canada

3. Samuel J. Wood Library & C.V. Starr Biomedical Information Center Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY

4. Internal Medicine Department West Virginia University Charleston Division Charleston Area Medical Center Charleston WV

5. Schulich Heart Centre Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre University of Toronto Canada

Abstract

Background Although it is traditionally regarded as a single entity, perioperative stroke comprises 2 separate phenomena (early/intraoperative and delayed/postoperative stroke). We aimed to systematically evaluate incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome of early and delayed stroke after cardiac surgery. Methods and Results A systematic review ( MEDLINE , EMBASE , Cochrane Library) was performed to identify all articles reporting early (on awakening from anesthesia) and delayed (after normal awakening from anesthesia) stroke after cardiac surgery. End points were pooled event rates of stroke and operative mortality and incident rate of late mortality. Thirty‐six articles were included (174 969 patients). The pooled event rate for early stroke was 0.98% (95% CI 0.79% to 1.23%) and was 0.93% for delayed stoke (95% CI 0.77% to 1.11%; P =0.68). The pooled event rate of operative mortality was 28.8% (95% CI 17.6% to 43.4%) for early and 17.9% (95% CI 14.0% to 22.7%) for delayed stroke, compared with 2.4% (95% CI 1.9% to 3.1%) for patients without stroke ( P <0.001 for early versus delayed, and for perioperative stroke, early stroke, and delayed stroke versus no stroke). At a mean follow‐up of 8.25 years, the incident rate of late mortality was 11.7% (95% CI 7.5% to 18.3%) for early and 9.4% (95% CI 5.9% to 14.9%) for delayed stroke, compared with 3.4% (95% CI 2.4% to 4.8%) in patients with no stroke. Meta‐regression demonstrated that off‐pump was inversely associated with early stroke (β=−0.009, P =0.01), whereas previous stroke (β=0.02, P <0.001) was associated with delayed stroke. Conclusions Early and delayed stroke after cardiac surgery have different risk factors and impacts on operative mortality as well as on long‐term survival.

Publisher

Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Subject

Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine

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