1. From the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics (F.H.M., P.W.G., N.D.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine (F.H.M., D.K., K.M.M., N.D.D.), and Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine (P.W.G, C.W.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center’s Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, PA (P.W.G).