Cardiorenal Syndrome: An Evolutionary Appraisal

Abstract

A recent American Heart Association Scientific Statement and Presidential Advisory recognized a new syndrome, the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome. This expands our understanding of what has been called cardiorenal syndrome by incorporating the pathophysiological interrelatedness of metabolic risk factors into the previous concept of cardiorenal syndrome. Importantly, perturbation of cardiac or renal physiology combines to produce significant detrimental outcomes. The cardiorenal syndrome is a significant part of the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome and contributes to health care cost, disability, and mortality. It is a vexing malady that has generated considerable interest. To understand the syndrome evaluation of its teleological origins is important. In life’s beginning, eukaryotes acquired exocytosis for excretion, formed tubular secretory systems for clearance, and a mesenchymal nucleic acid vasoform for nutritional distribution. Those structures progressed to cardiovascular and renal systems of evolving organisms, whose migration to rivers and land imposed complex, coordinated, homeostatic roles to maintain intravascular stability. Tissue mineralization of vertebrate endoskeleton added renal calcium balance regulation, which in kidney failure results in cardiovascular calcification. Insight into cardiorenal disease can be traced to ancient Egyptian and Chinese medicine, through the Scientific Revolution, and into current insights regarding human physiology and pathophysiology. The post-World War II epidemic of cardiovascular mortality generated considerable information on cardiovascular disease, which being higher in patients with kidney disease, drew increasing health concerns. The cardiorenal syndrome was formally introduced in this setting with a focus on ultrafiltration to manage volume overload. An evolutionary review of insight into cardiorenal syndrome will help us better understand the new cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome.