1. Division of Cardiac Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 30 Bond St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Cir, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, UK; Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Campus, St Dunstan's Road, London, UK
2. Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
3. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, UK
4. Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Campus, St Dunstan's Road, London, UK
5. Division of Cardiac Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 30 Bond St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Cir, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
6. The Japan Specific Health Checkups study (J-SHC study) Group, Japan
7. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, UK; Department of Nutrition, Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden