Thin Filament Disinhibition by Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Mutant R193H Troponin I Induces Ca 2+ -Independent Mechanical Tone and Acute Myocyte Remodeling

Abstract

Inherited restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a debilitating disease characterized by a stiff heart with impaired ventricular relaxation. Mutations in cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were identified as causal for RCM. Acute genetic engineering of adult cardiac myocytes was used to identify primary structure/function effects of mutant cTnI. Studies focused on R193H cTnI owing to the poor prognosis of this allele. Compared with wild-type cTnI, R193H mutant cTnI more effectively incorporated into the sarcomere, where it exerted dose-dependent effects on basal and dynamic contractile function. Under loaded conditions, permeabilized myocyte Ca 2+ sensitivity of tension was increased, whereas the passive tension–extension relationship was not altered by R193H cTnI. Normal rod-shaped myocyte morphology acutely transitioned to a “short-squat” phenotype in concert with progressive stoichiometric incorporation of R193H in the absence of altered diastolic Ca 2+ . The specific myosin inhibitor blebbistatin fully blocked this transition. Heightened Ca 2+ buffering by the R193H myofilaments, and not alterations in Ca 2+ handling by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, slowed the decay rate of the Ca 2+ transient. Incomplete mechanical relaxation conferred by R193H was exacerbated at increasing pacing frequencies independent of elevated diastolic Ca 2+ . R193H cTnI–dependent mechanical tone caused acute remodeling to a quasicontracted state not elicited by other Ca 2+ -sensitizing proteins and is a direct correlate of the stiff heart characteristic of RCM in vivo. These results point toward targets downstream of Ca 2+ handling, notably thin filament regulation and actin–myosin interaction, in designing therapeutic strategies to redress the primary cell morphological and mechanical underpinnings of RCM.