Heme Is a Carbon Monoxide Receptor for Large-Conductance Ca 2+ -Activated K + Channels

Abstract

Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenous paracrine and autocrine gaseous messenger that regulates physiological functions in a wide variety of tissues. CO induces vasodilation by activating arterial smooth muscle large-conductance Ca 2+ -activated potassium (BK Ca ) channels. However, the mechanism by which CO activates BK Ca channels remains unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that CO activates BK Ca channels by binding to channel-bound heme, a BK Ca channel inhibitor, and altering the interaction between heme and the conserved heme-binding domain (HBD) of the channel α subunit C terminus. Data obtained using thin-layer chromatography, spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry (MS), and MS-MS indicate that CO modifies the binding of reduced heme to the α subunit HBD. In contrast, CO does not alter the interaction between the HBD and oxidized heme (hemin), to which CO cannot bind. Consistent with these findings, electrophysiological measurements of native and cloned (cbv) cerebral artery smooth muscle BK Ca channels show that CO reverses BK Ca channel inhibition by heme but not by hemin. Site-directed mutagenesis of the cbv HBD from CKACH to CKASR abolished both heme-induced channel inhibition and CO-induced activation. Furthermore, on binding CO, heme switches from being a channel inhibitor to an activator. These findings indicate that reduced heme is a functional CO receptor for BK Ca channels, introduce a unique mechanism by which CO regulates the activity of a target protein, and reveal a novel process by which a gaseous messenger regulates ion channel activity.