Nocturnal Decline in Blood Pressure Is Attenuated by NaCl Loading in Salt-Sensitive Patients With Essential Hypertension

Abstract

Abstract We investigated the effect of NaCl on the circadian blood pressure rhythm in patients with essential hypertension classified according to the presence or absence of salt sensitivity. We obtained 24-hour noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure measurements in 64 Japanese patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension who ate a low NaCl diet (50 mmol/d) for 1 week, followed by a high NaCl diet (340 mmol/d) for 1 week. Twenty-six patients whose mean blood pressure was increased more than 10% by NaCl loading were classified as salt sensitive. The remaining 38 patients were classified as salt resistant. The nocturnal decline in mean blood pressure was significantly smaller in salt-sensitive patients (8.3±1.0%) than in salt-resistant patients (11.5±0.9%) ( P <.05) during a high NaCl diet but was similar in both groups during a low NaCl diet. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of the non-dipper pattern between groups on a low NaCl diet, but the prevalence of the non-dipper pattern was significantly higher in salt-sensitive patients than in salt-resistant patients on a high NaCl diet (0.57 versus 0.26, χ 2 =6.4; P =.02; odds ratio, 3.82). These findings suggest that the NaCl loading blunted the nocturnal decline in blood pressure in salt-sensitive patients but not in salt-resistant patients.