Participant‐Reported Health Status Predicts Cardiovascular and All‐Cause Mortality Independent of Established and Nontraditional Biomarkers: Evidence From a Representative US Sample

Abstract

Background Participant‐reported health status is a key indicator of cardiovascular health, but its predictive value relative to traditional and nontraditional risk factors is unknown. We evaluated whether participant‐reported health status, as indexed by self‐rated health, predicted cardiovascular disease, and all‐cause mortality risk excess of 10‐year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ( ASCVD ) risk scores and 5 nontraditional risk biomarkers. Methods and Results Analyses used prospective observational data from the 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys among those aged 40 to 79 years (N=4677). Vital status was ascertained through 2011, during which there were 850 deaths, 206 from cardiovascular disease ( CVD ). We regressed CVD and all‐cause mortality on standardized values of self‐rated health in survival models, adjusting for age, sex, education, existing chronic disease, race/ethnicity, ASCVD risk, and standardized biomarkers (fibrinogen, C‐reactive protein [ CRP ], triglycerides, albumin, and uric acid). In sociodemographically adjusted models, a 1‐ SD decrease in self‐rated health was associated with increased risk of CVD mortality (hazard ratio [ HR ], 1.92; 95% CI , 1.51–2.45; P <0.001), and this hazard remained strong after adjusting for ASCVD risk and nontraditional biomarkers ( HR , 1.79; 95% CI , 1.42–2.26; P <0.001). Self‐rated health also predicted all‐cause mortality even after adjustment for ASCVD risk and nontraditional biomarkers ( HR , 1.50; 95% CI , 1.35–1.66; P <0.001). Conclusions Self‐rated health provides prognostic information beyond that captured by traditional ASCVD risk assessments and by nontraditional CVD biomarkers. Consideration of self‐rated health in combination with traditional risk factors may facilitate risk assessment and clinical care.