1. From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.K., K.K., S.M., S.M., M.K., F.I.) and the Cardiovascular Research Center of the Department of Medicine (D.N.A., P.L.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and the Department of Anesthesiology (M.K.), Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.