1. From the Department of Anesthesiology & Peri–Operative Medicine (W.Z., A.A., Y.K.A., J.J.I., N.J.A.), and the Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (J.J.I., A.E.D., D.R.K., N.J.A.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Ore; Neurosurgery Sagamihara–chuo Hospital (T.O.), Kanagawa, Japan; and the Department of Neurosurgery (N.S.), Toho University, Japan.