White Matter Lesions in an Unselected Cohort of the Elderly

Author:

Fernando Malee S.1,Simpson Julie E.1,Matthews Fiona1,Brayne Carol1,Lewis Claire E.1,Barber Robert1,Kalaria Raj N.1,Forster Gill1,Esteves Filomena1,Wharton Stephen B.1,Shaw Pamela J.1,O’Brien John T.1,Ince Paul G.1

Affiliation:

1. From the Academic Unit of Pathology (M.S.F., J.E.S., C.E.L., G.F., F.E., S.B.W., P.G.I.) and Academic Unit of Neurology (P.J.S.), Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit (F.M.), University of Cambridge and Institute of Public Health (C.B.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Institute for Health and Ageing (R.B., R.N.K., J.T.O.), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.

Abstract

Background and Purpose— “Incidental” MRI white matter (WM) lesions, comprising periventricular lesions (PVLs) and deep subcortical lesions (DSCLs), are common in the aging brain. Direct evidence of ischemia associated with incidental WM lesions (WMLs) has been lacking, and their pathogenesis is unresolved. Methods— A population-based, postmortem cohort (n=456) of donated brains was examined by MRI and pathology. In a subsample of the whole cohort, magnetic resonance images were used to sample and compare WMLs and nonlesional WM for molecular markers of hypoxic injury. Results— PVL severity was associated with loss of ventricular ependyma ( P =0.004). For DSCLs, there was arteriolar sclerosis compared with normal WM (vessel wall thickness and perivascular enlargement; both P <0.001). Capillary endothelial activation (ratio of intercellular adhesion molecule to basement membrane collagen IV; P <0.001) and microglial activation (CD68 expression; P =0.002) were elevated in WMLs. Immunoreactivity for hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) HIF1α and HIF2α was elevated in DSCLs ( P =0.003 and P =0.005). Other hypoxia-regulated proteins were also increased in WMLs: matrix metalloproteinase-7 (PVLs P <0.001; DSCLs P =0.009) and the number of neuroglobin-positive cells (WMLs P =0.02) reaching statistical significance. The severity of congophilic amyloid angiopathy was associated with increased HIF1α expression in DSCLs ( P =0.04). Conclusion— The data support a hypoxic environment within MRI WMLs. Persistent HIF expression may result from failure of normal adaptive mechanisms. WM ischemia appears to be a common feature of the aging brain.

Publisher

Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)

Subject

Advanced and Specialized Nursing,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine,Neurology (clinical)

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