Trends in Blood Pressure and Usual Dietary Sodium Intake Among Children and Adolescents, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003 to 2016

Abstract

Over the past decade, blood pressure and sodium intake declined among children and adolescents (ie, youths) in the United States. We updated temporal trends and determined if secular changes in blood pressure might be partly associated with usual sodium intake. We included 12 249 youths aged 8 to 17 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2003 to 2016 and had blood pressure and dietary data. Logistic regression was used to describe secular trends and the association between usual sodium intake and blood pressure categorized according to 2017 Hypertension Guidelines. The prevalence of youths with combined elevated blood pressure/hypertension (ie, either elevated blood pressure or hypertension) significantly declined from 16.2% in 2003-2004 to 13.3% in 2015-2016 ( P <0.001 for trend), as did hypertension from 6.6% to 4.9% ( P =0.005 for trend). Across the same time period, mean usual sodium intake decreased from 3381 to 3208 mg/day ( P <0.001 for trend). Holding constant survey cycle, sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, and weight status, the adjusted odds ratio per 1000 mg/day of usual sodium intake for elevated blood pressure/hypertension was 1.18 (95% CI, 1.03–1.35) and for hypertension was 1.20 (95% CI, 0.96–1.50). From 2003 to 2016, blood pressure and usual sodium intake declined among youths. Although 1000 mg/day higher usual sodium intake was associated with ≈20% higher odds of elevated blood pressure/hypertension and hypertension, the association with hypertension was not statistically significant.