Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators and Pregnancy

Abstract

Background The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the outcome of pregnancy in women with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). Methods and Results A multicenter retrospective analysis was performed on women with an ICD who became pregnant. Data were collected on 44 patients. The mean age and ejection fraction at the time of the initial ICD implant were 25.6±4.9 years and 49.8±9.7%, respectively. The mean follow-up after the ICD implant was 4.8±2.8 years. Forty-two women had abdominally implanted generators, and 2 had a prepectoral device. Thirty had epicardial lead sensing systems, and 14 had transvenous. Thirty-six (82%) experienced no complications, and 8 (18%) had a medical or device-related complication. The ICD-related problems included tenderness at the ICD pocket scar (2 patients), generator migration (1), and pericarditis secondary to the epicardial patches (1). Medical complications were pulmonary embolism (1), therapeutic abortion (1), worsening hyperthyroidism (1), congestive heart failure (1), and weight loss (1). Thirty-seven women delivered vaginally, and 7 underwent cesarean section. Thirty-nine babies were born healthy, 1 was stillborn, 2 were small for gestational age, 1 had transient hypoglycemia, and 1 woman had a therapeutic abortion unrelated to the ICD. During pregnancy, 33 women received no ICD therapy, 8 had 1 shock, 1 had 5 discharges, 1 had 11 shocks, and 1 had 5 shocks. The total number of shocks during pregnancy ranged from 0 to 11, with an average of 0.66±1.9 discharges. Five women had 7 additional pregnancies without an ICD shock. Conclusions The mere presence of an ICD should not defer a women from becoming pregnant unless she has an underlying structural cardiac disease that is considered a contraindication. Pregnancy does not increase the risk of major ICD-related complications or result in a high number of ICD discharges.