Hyperhomocysteinemia-Induced Vascular Damage in the Minipig

Abstract

Background Previous attempts in animals failed to reproduce the metabolic, pathological, and clinical situations encountered in homocystinuric patients. Minipigs on a methionine-rich caseinate-based diet, however, have a special long-lasting postprandial plasma accumulation of methionine, the metabolic precursor of homocysteine. We hypothesized that these minipigs develop hyperhomocysteinemia in the long term. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition prevents atherogenic alteration of viscoelastic functions of arterial pulsatility and compliance and reduces fragmentation of vascular elastic laminae in the minipigs. We consequently analyzed the therapeutic effects of the captopril-hydrochlorothiazide combination against the typical hyperhomocysteinemia-induced alterations of vascular elastic features. Methods and Results Thirty-two Götingen minipigs were randomized as control diet-fed (C), captopril (25 mg/d)/hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg/d)-treated C (C+Cp), caseinate-based diet-fed (M), and M+Cp minipigs. After 4 months, M and M+Cp animals had hyperhomocysteinemia (9.64±4.10 μmol/L, n=16) compared with C and C+Cp minipigs (5.67±1.14 μmol/L, n=16) ( P <.05). In the M group, one minipig died from thromboembolic syndrome, and one had pulmonary infarction. M minipigs presented with systolic-diastolic hypertension and extended reactive hyperemia, as well as a mega-artery syndrome in hyperpulsatile arteries due to expanded volumetric compliance, curtailed stiffness, strengthened vascular tension, and prevalence of the viscous wall component. In their arterial tree, hypertrophic endothelial cells covered a thickened subendothelial space. Major elastic lamina dislocations were observed, as well as hypertrophy and reorientation of smooth muscle cells, resulting in the settlement of spreading pathways for medial cells between muscular laminae. In C+Cp and M+Cp animals, serum and lung ACE activity were inhibited by 74% and 40%, respectively. Although the treatment with captopril-hydrochlorothiazide did not modify the hyperhomocysteinemia per se, the therapeutic effects of the drug combination are made evident by the absence of death and ischemic diseases in the M+Cp group. Specifically, the drug combination prevented diastolic hypertension and improved aortic blood flow by normalizing peripheral resistances, abolished the vascular hyperpulsatile characters, and restrained the fragmentation and the splitting of elastic fibers in capacitance arteries. In contrast, the drugs slightly prevented systolic and mean hypertension. In addition, the aortic stiffness and stress response remained altered and vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy was still observed in the M+Cp group. Conclusions In minipigs, the present methionine-rich caseinate-based diet induced hyperhomocysteinemia, which reproduces the metabolic and histopathological situation found in homocysteic patients. Our results show that hyperhomocysteinemia-induced vascular alterations favor the viscous component of the wall rheology to the detriment of the elastic component. Furthermore, they extend to hyperhomocysteinemia the therapeutic effects characteristically shared by ACE inhibitors in association with hydrochlorothiazide against the atherogenic activation of elastinolytic processes.