Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition Increases Human Vascular Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Release Through Endogenous Bradykinin

Abstract

Background— Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition potentiates the tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) response to exogenous bradykinin. This study tested the hypothesis that ACE inhibition increases endothelial t-PA release through endogenous bradykinin. Methods and Results— We measured the effect of intra-arterial enalaprilat (5 μg/min) on forearm blood flow (FBF) and net t-PA release before and during intra-arterial infusion of bradykinin (25 to 400 ng/min) and methacholine (3.2 to 12.8 μg/min) in 24 smokers pretreated with bradykinin receptor antagonist HOE 140 (100 μg/kg intravenously) or vehicle. There was no specific effect of HOE 140 on FBF or forearm vascular resistance (FVR, 29.9±3.6 versus 29.7±3.6 mm Hg · mL −1 · min −1 · 100 mL −1 after vehicle and HOE 140, respectively, P =0.956 between groups). Resting FVR decreased during enalaprilat compared with vehicle or HOE 140, but not compared with baseline, and the effect was similar in the 2 groups (22.0±2.7 and 24.1±2.9 mm Hg · mL −1 · min −1 · 100 mL −1 , respectively, P =0.610). In contrast, enalaprilat significantly increased resting net t-PA release (from 0.6±0.4 to 1.7±0.6 ng · min −1 · 100 mL −1 , P =0.002); this effect was abolished by HOE 140 (0.1±0.3 ng · min −1 · 100 mL −1 , P =0.036 versus enalaprilat alone). Enalaprilat increased the effect of exogenous bradykinin on FBF 60% (from 17.5±2.5 to 28.1±4.0 mL · min −1 · 100 mL −1 during 100 ng/min bradykinin, P =0.001) and on t-PA release 14-fold (from 21.2±7.9 to 317.4±118.9 ng · min −1 · 100 mL −1 , P =0.024). Enalaprilat increased the t-PA response to bradykinin to a greater extent than the FBF response, shifting the relationship between net t-PA release and FBF ( P =0.005). HOE 140 blocked these effects. There was no effect of enalaprilat or HOE 140 on the FBF or t-PA response to methacholine. Conclusion— ACE inhibition increases constitutive endothelial t-PA release through endogenous bradykinin.