Molecular Analysis of a Binding Site for Quinidine in a Human Cardiac Delayed Rectifier K + Channel

Abstract

Abstract The antiarrhythmic agent quinidine blocks the human cardiac hKv1.5 channel expressed in mammalian cells at therapeutically relevant concentrations (EC 50 , 6.2 μmol/L). Mechanistic analysis has suggested that quinidine acts as a cationic open-channel blocker at a site in the internal mouth of the ionic pore and that binding is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. We tested these hypotheses using site-directed mutagenesis of residues proposed to line the internal mouth of the channel or of nearby residues. Amino acid substitutions in the midsection of S6 (T505I, T505V, T505S, and V512A) reduced the dissociation rate for quinidine, increased the affinity (0.7, 1.5, 3.4, and 1.4 μmol/L, respectively), and preserved both the voltage-dependent open channel–block mechanism and the electrical binding distance (0.19 to 0.22). In contrast, smaller or nonsignificant effects were observed for: deletion of the intracellular C-terminal domain, charge neutralizations in the region immediately C-terminal to S6, elimination of aromatic residues in S6, and mutations at the putative internal turn of the P loop, at the external entrance of the pore, and at sites in the S4S5 linker. The ≈10-fold increase in affinity with T505I and the reduction of the dissociation rate constant with the mutations that increased affinity are consistent with a hydrophobic stabilization of binding. Moreover, the T505 and V512 residues align on the same side of the putative α-helical S6 segment. Taken together, these results localize the hydrophobic binding site for this antiarrhythmic drug in the internal mouth of this human K + channel and provide molecular support for the open channel–block model and the role of S6 in contributing to the inner pore.