Affiliation:
1. Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
2. Coagulation Unit Department of Hematology Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
3. Department of Medicine Solna Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
4. Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center Philadelphia PA
5. Department of Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia PA
6. Unit of Medical Epidemiology Department of Surgical Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
Abstract
Background
We conducted a 2‐sample Mendelian randomization study to assess the associations of cardiometabolic, lifestyle, and nutritional factors with varicose veins.
Methods and Results
Independent single‐nucleotide polymorphisms associated with height (positive control), body mass index, type 2 diabetes, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, smoking, alcohol and coffee consumption, 7 circulating vitamins (A, B6, B9, B12, C, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, and E), and 5 circulating minerals (calcium, iron, magnesium, selenium, and zinc) at the genome‐wide significance level were used as instrumental variables. Summary‐level data for the genetic associations with varicose veins were obtained from the UK Biobank (8763 cases and 352 431 noncases) and the FinnGen consortium (13 928 cases and 153 951 noncases). Genetically predicted higher height, body mass index, smoking, and circulating iron levels were associated with an increased risk of varicose veins. The odds ratios (ORs) per 1‐SD increase in the exposure were 1.34 (95% CI, 1.25–1.43) for height, 1.39 (95% CI, 1.27–1.52) for body mass index, 1.12 (95% CI, 1.04–1.22) for the prevalence of smoking initiation, and 1.24 (95% CI, 1.16–1.33) for iron. Higher genetically predicted systolic blood pressure and circulating calcium and zinc levels were associated with a reduced risk of varicose veins, whereas the association for systolic blood pressure did not persist after adjustment for genetically predicted height. The OR was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.62–0.92) per 1‐SD increase in calcium levels and 0.97 (95% CI, 0.95–0.98) for zinc.
Conclusions
This study identified several modifiable risk factors for varicose veins.
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Subject
Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Cited by
14 articles.
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