The Brugada Syndrome Susceptibility Gene HEY2 Modulates Cardiac Transmural Ion Channel Patterning and Electrical Heterogeneity

Abstract

Rationale: Genome-wide association studies previously identified an association of rs9388451 at chromosome 6q22.3 (near HEY2 ) with Brugada syndrome. The causal gene and underlying mechanism remain unresolved. Objective: We used an integrative approach entailing transcriptomic studies in human hearts and electrophysiological studies in Hey2 +/− ( Hey2 heterozygous knockout) mice to dissect the underpinnings of the 6q22.31 association with Brugada syndrome. Methods and Results: We queried expression quantitative trait locus data acquired in 190 human left ventricular samples from the genotype-tissue expression consortium for cis -expression quantitative trait locus effects of rs9388451, which revealed an association between Brugada syndrome risk allele dosage and HEY2 expression (β=+0.159; P =0.0036). In the same transcriptomic data, we conducted genome-wide coexpression analysis for HEY2 , which uncovered KCNIP2 , encoding the β-subunit of the channel underlying the transient outward current ( I to ), as the transcript most robustly correlating with HEY2 expression (β=+1.47; P =2×10 −34 ). Transcript abundance of Hey2 and the I to subunits Kcnip2 and Kcnd2 , assessed by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, was higher in subepicardium versus subendocardium in both left and right ventricles, with lower levels in Hey2 +/− mice compared with wild type. Surface ECG measurements showed less prominent J waves in Hey2 +/− mice compared with wild-type. In wild-type mice, patch-clamp electrophysiological studies on cardiomyocytes from right ventricle demonstrated a shorter action potential duration and a lower V max in subepicardium compared with subendocardium cardiomyocytes, which was paralleled by a higher I to and a lower sodium current ( I Na ) density in subepicardium versus subendocardium. These transmural differences were diminished in Hey2 +/− mice because of changes in subepicardial cardiomyocytes. Conclusions: This study uncovers a role of HEY2 in the normal transmural electrophysiological gradient in the ventricle and provides compelling evidence that genetic variation at 6q22.31 (rs9388451) is associated with Brugada syndrome through a HEY2 -dependent alteration of ion channel expression across the cardiac ventricular wall.