1. Division of Cardiac Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (M.M., C.B., P.D., A.G.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
2. Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT (M.M., Y.L., E.S.S., H.M.K.).
3. Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine (S.S.D.).
4. San Francisco VA Medical Center, CA (S.S.D.).
5. Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (E.S.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
6. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Department of Surgery (Y.Z.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
7. Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.I.C.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
8. Section of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine (H.G.A.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
9. Department of Biostatistics (H.G.A.), Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT.
10. Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine and the Department of Health Policy and Management (H.M.K.), Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT.