In Situ Confocal Imaging in Intact Heart Reveals Stress-Induced Ca 2+ Release Variability in a Murine Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Model of Type 2 Ryanodine Receptor R4496C+/− Mutation

Abstract

Background— Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia is directly linked to mutations in proteins (eg, type 2 ryanodine receptor [RyR2] R4496C ) responsible for intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis in the heart. However, the mechanism of Ca 2+ release dysfunction underlying catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia has only been investigated in isolated cells but not in the in situ undisrupted myocardium. Methods and Results— We investigated in situ myocyte Ca 2+ dynamics in intact Langendorff-perfused hearts (ex vivo) from wild-type and RyR2 R4496C+/− mice using laser scanning confocal microscopy. We found that myocytes from both wild-type and RyR2 R4496C+/− hearts displayed uniform, synchronized Ca 2+ transients. Ca 2+ transients from beat to beat were comparable in amplitude with identical activation and decay kinetics in wild-type and RyR2 R4496C+/− hearts, suggesting that excitation-contraction coupling between the sarcolemmal Ca 2+ channels and mutated RyR2 R4496C+/− channels remains intact under baseline resting conditions. On adrenergic stimulation, RyR2 R4496C+/− hearts exhibited a high degree of Ca 2+ release variability. The varied pattern of Ca 2+ release was absent in single isolated myocytes, independent of cell cycle length, synchronized among neighboring myocytes, and correlated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. A similar pattern of action potential variability, which was synchronized among neighboring myocytes, was also revealed under adrenergic stress in intact hearts but not in isolated myocytes. Conclusions— Our studies using an in situ confocal imaging approach suggest that mutated RyR2s are functionally normal at rest but display a high degree of Ca 2+ release variability on intense adrenergic stimulation. Ca 2+ release variability is a Ca 2+ release abnormality, resulting from electric defects rather than the failure of the Ca 2+ release response to action potentials in mutated ventricular myocytes. Our data provide important insights into Ca 2+ release and electric dysfunction in an established model of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia.