Extracardiac Ablation of the Canine Atrioventricular Junction by Use of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound

Abstract

Background —High-intensity focused ultrasound has been applied to internal organs from outside the body to ablate tissue. No published study has assessed the feasibility of ablating cardiac tissue within the beating heart by use of this type of therapeutic ultrasound. The purpose of this study was to determine whether high-intensity focused ultrasound can be used to ablate the atrioventricular (AV) junction within the beating heart. Methods and Results —Ten dogs were anesthetized and underwent a thoracotomy. The heart was covered with a polyvinyl chloride membrane. The thorax above the membrane was perfused with degassed water, which functioned as a coupling medium for the ultrasound. A 7.0-MHz diagnostic ultrasound probe was affixed to a spherically focused 1.4-MHz high-intensity focused ultrasound transducer with a 1.1×8.3-mm focal zone 63.5 mm from the ablation transducer. The diagnostic ultrasound probe was calibrated such that the location of the focal zone of the ablation transducer was identifiable on the 2-dimensional ultrasound image. Target sites were identified with the diagnostic ultrasound. The maximum ultrasound intensity for ablation (2.8 kW/cm 2 ) was delivered to the AV junction only during electrical diastole and for a total of 30 seconds. Complete AV block was achieved in each of the 10 dogs with 6.5±5.6 (range, 3 to 21) 30-second applications of therapeutic ultrasound. Gross inspection showed that the mean lesion volume was 124±143 mm 3 , with a depth of 6.7±3.6 mm, a length of 5.7±2.5 mm, and a width of 4.7±1.8 mm. Four hours after the dogs were killed, histopathological study demonstrated a well-demarcated area of necrosis and early inflammation. Conclusions —High-intensity focused ultrasound produces well-demarcated lesions and appears to be a feasible energy source to create complete AV block within the beating heart without damaging the overlying or underlying cardiac tissue. This energy source may allow for a noninvasive approach to ablation of cardiac arrhythmias.