Astroglial Protein S-100 Is an Early and Sensitive Marker of Hypoxic Brain Damage and Outcome After Cardiac Arrest in Humans

Abstract

Background —The results of early conventional tests do not correlate with cerebral outcome after cardiac arrest. We investigated the serum levels of astroglial protein S-100 as an early marker of brain damage and outcome after cardiac arrest. Methods and Results —In 66 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation after nontraumatic cardiac arrest, blood samples for the evaluation of S-100 were drawn immediately after and 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes; 2, 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours; and 7 days after initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Moreover, the serum levels of neuron-specific enolase were determined between 2 hours and 7 days. If patients survived for >48 hours, brain damage was assessed by a combination of neurological, cranial CT, and electrophysiological examinations. Overall, 343 blood samples were taken for the determination of S-100. Maximum S-100 levels within 2 hours after cardiac arrest were significantly higher in patients with documented brain damage (survivors and nonsurvivors, 3.70±0.77 μg/L) than in patients without brain damage (0.90±0.29 μg/L). Significant differences between these 2 groups were observed from 30 minutes until 7 days after cardiac arrest. In addition, the positive predictive value of the S-100 test at 24 hours for fatal outcome within 14 days was 87%, and the negative predictive value was 100% ( P <0.001). With regard to neuron-specific enolase, significant differences between patients with documented brain damage and those with no brain damage were found at 24, 48, and 72 hours and 7 days. Conclusions —Astroglial protein S-100 is an early and sensitive marker of hypoxic brain damage and short-term outcome after cardiac arrest in humans.