Pharmacogenetic Interactions Between β-Blocker Therapy and the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Deletion Polymorphism in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure

Abstract

Background —Activation of the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems adversely affect heart failure progression. The ACE deletion allele ( ACE D ) is associated with increased renin-angiotensin activation; however, its influence on patient outcomes remains uncertain, and the pharmacogenetic interactions with β-blocker therapy have not been previously evaluated. Methods and Results —We prospectively followed 328 patients (age, 56.1±11.9 years) with systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction, 0.24±0.08) to assess the impact of the ACE D allele on transplant-free survival (median follow-up, 21 months). Transplant-free survival was compared by genotype for the whole cohort and separately in patients with (n=120) and those without β-blocker therapy (n=208) at the time of entry. Transplant-free survival was significantly poorer for patients with the D allele (1-year percent survival II/ID/DD =94/77/75; 2-year=78/65/60; ordered log-rank test, P =0.044). In patients not treated with β-blockers, the adverse impact of ACE D allele was dramatically increased (1-year percent survival II/ID/DD =95/75/67; 2-year=81/61/48; P =0.005). In contrast, in patients receiving β-blocker therapy, no influence of ACE genotype on transplant-free survival was evident (1-year percent survival II/ID/DD =91/80/86; 2-year=70/71/77; P =0.73). Conclusions —In a cohort of patients with systolic dysfunction, the ACE D allele was associated with a significantly poorer transplant-free survival. This effect was primarily evident in patients not treated with β-blockers and was not seen in patients receiving therapy. These findings suggest a potential pharmacogenetic interaction between the ACE D/I polymorphism and therapy with β-blockers in the determination of heart failure survival.