Heterogeneity in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Prevalence Among White, African American, African Immigrant, and Afro‐Caribbean Adults: Insights From the 2010–2018 National Health Interview Survey

Abstract

Background In the United States, Black adults have higher rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors than White adults. However, it is unclear how CVD risk factors compare between Black ethnic subgroups, including African Americans (AAs), African immigrants (AIs), and Afro‐Caribbeans, and White people. Our objective was to examine trends in CVD risk factors among 3 Black ethnic subgroups and White adults between 2010 and 2018. Methods and Results A comparative analysis of the National Health Interview Survey was conducted among 452 997 participants, examining sociodemographic characteristics and trends in 4 self‐reported CVD risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, overweight/obesity, and smoking). Generalized linear models with Poisson distribution were used to obtain predictive probabilities of the CVD risk factors. The sample included 82 635 Black (89% AAs, 5% AIs, and 6% Afro‐Caribbeans) and 370 362 White adults. AIs were the youngest, most educated, and least insured group. AIs had the lowest age‐ and sex‐adjusted prevalence of all 4 CVD risk factors. AAs had the highest prevalence of hypertension (2018: 41.9%) compared with the other groups. Overweight/obesity and diabetes prevalence increased in AAs and White adults from 2010 to 2018 ( P values for trend <0.001). Smoking prevalence was highest among AAs and White adults, but decreased significantly in these groups between 2010 and 2018 ( P values for trend <0.001), as compared with AIs and Afro‐Caribbeans. Conclusions We observed significant heterogeneity in CVD risk factors among 3 Black ethnic subgroups compared with White adults. There were disparities (among AAs) and advantages (among AIs and Afro‐Caribbeans) in CVD risk factors, suggesting that race alone does not account for disparities in CVD risk factors.