Chronic Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Increases Mortality Through Pathways of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease: Insights From a Large Mediation Analysis

Abstract

Background Long‐term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) is the leading environmental risk factor for premature mortality worldwide. Characterizing important pathways through which PM 2.5 increases individuals' mortality risk can clarify the PM 2.5 –mortality relationship and identify possible points of interventions. Recent evidence has linked PM 2.5 to the onset of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, but to what extent these associations contribute to the effect of PM 2.5 on mortality remains poorly understood. Methods and Results We conducted a population‐based cohort study to investigate how the effect of PM 2.5 on nonaccidental mortality is mediated by its impacts on incident diabetes, acute myocardial infarction, and stroke. Our study population comprised ≈200 000 individuals aged 20 to 90 years who participated in population‐based health surveys in Ontario, Canada, from 1996 to 2014. Follow‐up extended until December 2017. Using causal mediation analyses with Aalen additive hazards models, we decomposed the total effect of PM 2.5 on mortality into a direct effect and several path‐specific indirect effects mediated by diabetes, each cardiovascular event, or both combined. A series of sensitivity analyses were also conducted. After adjusting for various individual‐ and neighborhood‐level covariates, we estimated that for every 1000 adults, each 10 μg/m 3 increase in PM 2.5 was associated with ≈2 incident cases of diabetes, ≈1 major cardiovascular event (acute myocardial infarction and stroke combined), and ≈2 deaths annually. Among PM 2.5 ‐related deaths, 31.7% (95% CI, 17.2%–53.2%) were attributable to diabetes and major cardiovascular events in relation to PM 2.5 . Specifically, 4.5% were explained by PM 2.5 ‐induced diabetes, 22.8% by PM 2.5 ‐induced major cardiovascular events, and 4.5% through their interaction. Conclusions This study suggests that a significant portion of the estimated effect of long‐term exposure to PM 2.5 on deaths can be attributed to its effect on diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, highlighting the significance of PM 2.5 on deteriorating cardiovascular health. Our findings should raise awareness among professionals that improving metabolic and cardiovascular health may reduce mortality burden in areas with higher exposure to air pollution.