Affiliation:
1. Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
2. Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) Bilthoven The Netherlands
3. Department of Agrotechnology and Food Science Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
Abstract
Background
The Healthy Reference Diet (HRD) was created to formulate dietary guidelines that would be healthy and sustainable. We aimed to construct a diet score measuring adherence to the HRD and to explore its association with cardiovascular events and environmental impact.
Methods and Results
We included 35 496 participants from the population‐based EPIC‐NL (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition‐Netherlands) study. HRD scores were calculated using data from food frequency questionnaires (0–140). Data on morbidity and mortality were retrieved through linkage with national and death registries. Data on environmental impact indicators were obtained from life cycle assessments. Associations between adherence to the HRD and cardiovascular events were estimated with Cox proportional hazard models. Linear regression analysis was conducted for the adherence to the HRD and each environmental indicator. High adherence to the HRD was associated with 14%, 12%, and 11% lower risks of cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio [HR]
Q4vsQ1
, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.78–0.94]), coronary heart disease (HR
Q4vsQ1
, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.78–1.00]), and total stroke (HR
Q4vsQ1
, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.72–1.10]), respectively. High HRD adherence was associated with 2.4% (95% CI, −5.0 to 0.2) lower greenhouse gas emissions, 3.9% (95% CI, −5.2 to −2.6) less land use, 0.5% (95% CI, −2.6 to 1.6), less freshwater eutrophication, 3.3% (95% CI, −5.8 to −0.8), less marine eutrophication, 7.7% (95% CI, −10.8 to −4.6), less terrestrial acidification, and 32.1 % (95% CI, 28.5–35.7) higher blue water use.
Conclusions
High adherence to the HRD was associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and modestly lower levels of most environmental indicators but a higher level of blue water use.
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Subject
Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Cited by
6 articles.
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