Treatments and Management of Menopausal Symptoms: Current Status and Future Challenges

Abstract

In the United States (US), menopause occurs at an average age of 52. Menopausal symptoms tend to be maximal during the few years before and the year after menopause (during perimenopause), except for symptomatic vulvovaginal atrophy, which may worsen over time. Up to 20% of bone density loss occurs during the first 5 years after menopause, followed by an age-related bone loss rate similar to that in men. Menopause should be considered confirmed if an age-appropriate woman who is not pregnant has not had a menstrual period for 12 months. Regarding treatment, for vaginal dryness or dyspareunia due to menopause, vaginal stimulation and vaginal lubricants and moisturizers are recommended, and if these are ineffective, low-dose vaginal estrogen, in the form of creams, tablets, suppositories, or rings should be considered; other options include oral ospemifene or intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone (DEHA) suppositories. Before prescribing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and periodically while therapy continues, women should be informed of risks (e.g., deep vein thrombosis [DVT], pulmonary embolism [PE], stroke, breast cancer, gallbladder disease, and urinary incontinence); potential harms are greatest for women who start HRT after 60 years of age or who are 10-20 years past menopause onset. If women choose HRT to relieve hot flushes, estrogen plus, a progestin or conjugated estrogen/bazedoxifene could be prescribed for women who still have the uterus. Treatment with HRT should be tailored to maximize benefits and minimize harms, and periodically benefits and harms should be reassessed; low-dose transdermal HRT may lead to a lower risk of DVT and stroke. Selective serotonin reuptakereuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), selective serotonin-nor-epinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and gabapentin could be considered as less effective alternatives to HRT for relieving hot flushes; paroxetine 7.5 milligrams (mg) is the only non-hormonal drug approved in the US for the relief of hot flushes. Effective non-drug options include cognitive behavioral therapy and hypnosis.