Abstract
Globalisation, climatic changes, and increasing consumer demand have forced the intensification of agricultural production. Thus, vineyards have crossed the boundaries of the original production zones and extended towards suboptimal areas, increasing the potential risk of damaging disease outbreaks. Therefore, there is a rising need for a complex and empirical revision of the interfering effects between grape infection and other external, large-scale factors such as environmental conditions and management practices. Although external abiotic and biotic factors could determine the infection levels of grape disease in a complex way, existing studies focus on the short-term effects of only a single or very few potential factors. In this large-scale study, we aimed to reveal the long-term impact of specific factors regarding vineyard characteristics, applied crop management and grape variety features, which could determine the infection severity of primary grape diseases (grey mould, downy mildew and powdery mildew) using a citizen science approach in Hungary, a traditional wine- and grape-producing country. The present study has revealed that some vineyards (e.g., inclination, row orientation) and variety features (e.g., bunch structure) were considered crucial. At the same time, other factors were found to be less relevant in the present complex comparison, suggesting that the role of these factors might be overemphasised in the literature. In conclusion, the susceptibility or tolerance of grapevines to pathogens appears to be an integrated effect of several factors and cannot be assigned to a single characteristic. The global changes urge the revision of conventional agricultural traditions and deepen our knowledge about the infection process and pathogen-host-environment interactions.