1. Ruth Kleinpell is Professor, Rush University College of Nursing, and Director of the Center for Clinical Research & Scholarship, Rush University Medical Center, 600 South Paulina Ave, 1062B AAC, Chicago, IL 60612 (). Christa A. Schorr is Program Director of Critical Care Clinical Trials at Cooper University Hospital in Camden, New Jersey, and is Nurse Leader for the design and implementation for the Surviving Sepsis Campaign database.