Geometric progressions in distance spaces; applications to fixed points and coincidence points

Abstract

Conditions on spaces $X$ with generalized distance $\rho_X$ are investigates under which analogues of Banach's and Nadler's fixed-point theorems and Arutyunov's coincidence-point theorem can be obtained for mappings on such spaces. This is shown to hold if each geometric progression with ratio $<1$ (that is, each sequence $\{ x_i\}\subset X$ satisfying $\rho_X(x_{i+1},x_i)\leq \gamma \rho_X(x_i,x_{i-1})$, $ i=1,2,…$, with some $\gamma < 1$) is convergent. Examples of spaces with and without this property are given. In particular, the required property holds in a complete $f$-quasimetric space $X$ if the distance $\rho_X$ in it satisfies $\rho_X(x,z) \leq \rho_X(x,y)+(\rho_X(y,z))^\eta$, $x,y,z \in X$, for some $\eta\in (0,1)$, that is, if the function $f\colon\mathbb{R}_+^{2} \to \mathbb{R}_+$ is given by $f(r_1,r_2)=r_1 + r_2^{\eta}$. Next, for $f(r_1,r_2)=\max\{ r_1^{\eta}, r_2^{\eta} \}$, where $\eta \in (0,2^{-1}]$, it is shown that for any $\gamma > 0$ there exists an $f$-quasimetric space containing a geometric progression with ratio $\gamma$ which is not a Cauchy sequence. The ‘zero-one law’, which means that either each geometric progression with ratio $<1$ is a Cauchy sequence or, for any $\gamma\in (0,1)$, there exists a geometric progression with ratio $\gamma$ that is not Cauchy, is discussed for $f$-quasimetric spaces. Bibliography: 29 titles.