1. Senior Lecturer, Sammy Ofer School of Communications, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel. Dr Karniel is an intellectual property attorney who has written extensively on subjects relating to media and the law and who served on many government and quasi-governmental boards related to media and communications in Israel. The author would like to thank Tom Goldreich for his extensive research and useful comments, and Linda Reiss-Wolicki for her help in preparing this article for publication....