1. Multi-party situations are not considered; however, similar problems may arise in cases of joint liability for one and the same damages.
2. Other areas of law potentially giving rise to cumulative causes of action are not considered.
3. Regulation (EC) 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters [2001] OJ L12/1 (Judgments Regulation).