1. See H Kalmo and Q Skinner (eds),Sovereignty in Fragments(Cambridge University Press, 2010).
2. The entities that qualify as ‘subjects’ having rights and duties under international law (traditionally sovereign states) represent a fast-expanding category—now comprising individuals and certain subgroups of civil society—as international law conquers new fields, largely in response to the faith placed in its ‘providential’ ability to solve the welfare problems of humanity (see E Jouannet,Le droit international libéral-Providence. Une histoire du droit international(Bruylant, 2011)). Of course, the pre-Westphalian era witnessed similar competition between different forms of territorial organisation, which brought about the emergence of the modern state (see H Spruyt,The Sovereign State and its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change(Princeton University. Press, 1996), referring to complete statehood as historical anomaly (see T Risse,Governance Without a State? Policies and Politics in Areas of Limited Statehood(Columbia University Press, 2011)).