1. C-170/13 (judgment pending).
2. Many manufacturers (eg of mobile phones, CDs, DVDs, computer memory, computer interfaces, USB memories, audio picture and video compression, Bluetooth, semiconductors, motor industry, biomedical, aerospace, shipping) depend on compliance with industry standards for their products' viability. Indeed, standards are “ubiquitous throughout markets”, Committee in Intellectual Property Management in Standard-Setting Processes, National Research Council, “Patent Challenges for Standard-Setting in the Global Economy: Lessons from Information and Communication Technology” (2013), 15.
3. Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements [2011] OJ C11/01 (Horizontal Cooperation Guidelines), para 257.
4. Broadcom Corp v Qualcomm Inc 501 F 3d 297 (3d Cir 2007), 308–09.