1. European Central Bank, “Structural Features of Distributive Trades and Their Impact on Prices in the Euro Area”, Structural Issues Report (September 2011) (ECB report).
2. In Finland, the largest buying group includes the country's biggest parent group (S-Group), which has a market share of 45.9%—the highest in the ECB sample. The second-largest buying group accounts for more than 33% of the market. In Austria, the first- and second-largest Austrian buying groups both have an upstream market share above 33%. One of them, Rewe, includes many discounters as it is also a parent company, and the other, Spar, is represented by its banner retailers.