Platelets as a source of biomolecules for enhancing chemotaxis of human neural stem cells

Abstract

In the modern era, tissue engineering is actively developing based on the utilization and enhancement of endogenous repair resources. Due to neurodegenerative processes that occur in traumatic brain injuries, vascular diseases of the central nervous system, and natural aging, the percentage of disability is steadily increasing, particularly in developed countries. The most pressing task today is to find optimal measures for prevention and therapy. Changes in neurodynamics, ischemia, inflammation, accumulation of toxic products, activation of catabolism, and a decrease in the activity of anabolic processes have both local and systemic implications. Neurons of nervous tissue are particularly sensitive. It is known that nervous tissue is capable of regeneration, but spontaneous regenerative processes do not fully restore the structure and function of the central nervous system. Contemporary research indicates that chemokines play a crucial role in regulating the viability, self-renewal, and attraction of stem cells. The dynamic interaction between neural stem cells is regulated by the chemokine CXCL12 (C-X-C motif chemokine 12) and its receptor CXCR4 (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4). Elevated levels of CXCL12 create conditions for the active recruitment of neural progenitor cells to sites of injury. Platelets serve as an endogenous reservoir for more than 1500 biofactors that influence various metabolic processes in the body's cells. Many of them exhibit neurotrophic activity. Powerful intercellular signaling molecules, such as CCL5 and the chemokine ligand CXCL4 (PF4), are present in alpha granules. In vivo, platelet activation is believed to lead to the release of factors that stimulate recovery, including through PF4 (CXCL4). These platelet properties explain the attention given to these cells as potential endogenous enhancers of chemotaxis of neuronal cells and recovery in pathological conditions.