Phase diagram of an extended parafermion chain

Abstract

We study the phase diagram of an extended parafermion chain, which, in addition to terms coupling parafermions on neighbouring sites, also possesses terms involving four sites. Via a Fradkin–Kadanoff transformation the parafermion chain is shown to be equivalent to the non-chiral \mathbf{\mathbb{Z}_3}ℤ3 axial next-nearest neighbour Potts model. We discuss a possible experimental realisation using hetero-nanostructures. The phase diagram contains several gapped phases, including a topological phase where the system possesses three (nearly) degenerate ground states, and a gapless Luttinger-liquid phase.