Controllability of systems of linear partial differential equations

Abstract

In a number of papers, the controllability theory was recently studied. But quite a few of them were devoted to control systems described by ordinary differential equations. In the case of systems described by partial differential equations, they were studied mostly for classical equations of mathematical physics. For example, in papers by G. Sklyar and L. Fardigola, controllability problems were studied for the wave equation on a half-axis. In the present paper, the complete controllability problem is studied for systems of linear partial differential equations with constant coefficients in the Schwartz space of rapidly decreasing functions. Necessary and sufficient conditions for complete controllability are obtained for these systems with distributed control of the special form: u(x,t)=e-αtu(x). To prove these conditions, other necessary and sufficient conditions obtained earlier by the author are applied (see ``Controllability of evolution partial differential equation''. Visnyk of V. N. Karasin Kharkiv National University. Ser. ``Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Mechanics''. 2016. Vol. 83, p. 47-56). Thus, the system $$\frac{\partial w(x,t)}{\partial t} = P\left(\frac\partial{i\partial x} \right) w(x,t)+ e^{-\alpha t}u(x),\quad t\in[0,T], \ x\in\mathbb R^n, $$ is completely controllable in the Schwartz space if there exists α>0 such that $$\det\left( \int_0^T \exp\big(-t(P(s)+\alpha E)\big)\, dt\right)\neq 0,\quad s\in\mathbb R^N.$$ This condition is equivalent to the following one: there exists $\alpha>0$ such that $$\exp\big(-T(\lambda_j(s)+\alpha)\big)\neq 1 \quad \text{if}\ (\lambda_j(s)+\alpha)\neq0,\qquad s\in\mathbb R^n,\ j=\overline{1,m},$$ where $\lambda_j(s)$, $j=\overline{1,m}$, are eigenvalues of the matrix $P(s)$, $s\in\mathbb R^n$. The particular case of system (1) where $\operatorname{Re} \lambda_j(s)$, $s\in\mathbb R$, $j=\overline{1,m}$, are bounded above or below is studied. These systems are completely controllable. For instance, if the Petrovsky well-posedness condition holds for system (1), then it is completely controllable. Conditions for the existence of a system of the form (1) which is not completely controllable are also obtained. An example of a such kind system is given. However, if a control of the considered form does not exists, then a control of other form solving complete controllability problem may exist. An example illustrating this effect is also given in the paper.