1. 1) Ayumi Kono, Etsuko Tadaka, Fumiko Okamoto, Yuko Kunii & Noriko Yamamoto Mitani(2009) Self-care issues of older men living alone A qualitative comparison between urban high-rise apartment and suburban farming districts. Japanese journal of public health, 56(9), 662-673.
2. 2) Cabinet Office(2015) Annual Report on the Aging Society. 2016, 2-3.13.
3. 3) Chifumi Nomura(2005) Worth Living of Elderly:A Concept Analisis. Journal of Japan Academy of Nursing Science, 25(3), 61-66.
4. 5) Shin Murata, Michie Oyama, Jun Murata, Hiroshi Otao, Kenji Toyoda, Hidemi Hujino, et al.(2008) Influence of living alone on physical, cognitive, and Psychological functions of the elderly. Japan Journal of Health Promotion, 10(2), 39-46.
5. 6) Shinia Puran Kaihatsu Kiko(2003) the 3rd businessman's life and something to live for, Ikigai sutudy, 9, 92-141.