Out-of-plane arrivals recorded by drifting hydrophones during the Northern Ocean Rapid Surface Evolution Experiment
Author:
Ballard Megan S.1ORCID, Sagers Jason D.1, Poulain Pierre-Marie2, Mackinnon Jennifer3, Lucas Andrew J.3, Sanchez-Rios Alejandra3
Affiliation:
1. Applied Research Laboratories, University of Texas at Austin 1 , Austin, Texas 78758, USA 2. NATO Science and Technology Organization—Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation 2 , La Spezia, Italy 3. Scripps Institution of Oceanography 3 , San Diego, California 92037, USA
Abstract
This paper reports on an observation of three-dimensional (3D) arrivals for which the change in the direction of horizontally refracted sound is nearly 180°. The experimental site is Jan Mayen Channel (JMCh), which connects the Greenland and Norwegian Seas. During the experiment, signals from a moored source transmitting a 500–1500 Hz sweep every 4 h were recorded by three surface drifters equipped with hydrophone arrays. Over a 3-day period, the drifters moved north across JMCh toward the moored source. In each recording, an in-plane arrival is identified. In a subset of these recordings, a second arrival is observed, having travel time consistent with propagation from the moored source, turning at the ridge on the south side of the channel, and arriving at the drifters. In a smaller subset of recordings, a third arrival is also observed having travel time consistent with a turning point on the face of the bathymetric rise on the west end of the channel that forms the Jan Mayen volcano. A 3D ray trace is employed to show the change in direction results from repeated reflections from the seafloor such that it is classified as horizontal refraction and not a single-bounce reflection.
Funder
Office of Naval Research
Publisher
Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
Subject
Acoustics and Ultrasonics,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous)
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