First detection and genetic characterization of chicken infectious anemia virus in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Abstract

Background: Chicken infectious anemia (CIA) caused by chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is considered one of the most important immunosuppressive diseases affecting chicken and recently poses a great economic burden to the poultry industry worldwide. Aim: This study aims to identify the presence of CIAV in the Mekong delta (MD), Vietnam and to determine genotypes of CIAVs that are currently circulating in this area. Methods: Organ samples (spleen, liver, and thymus) of 144 chickens suspected with CIA from 47 poultry farms were collected. A total of 47 pooled samples, each containing two to four chickens of each farm, were tested for the presence of CIAV. Results: Twenty out of 47 pooled organ samples (pool of two to four chickens per farm) were positive for CIAV using PCR targeting the viral VP1 gene. The VP1 amplicons of eight representative CIAVs were subjected for sequencing and genetic characterization. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial VP1 gene sequence revealed that the CIAVs detected in the MD grouped into different genotypes of II, IIIa, and IIIc together with CIAVs previously detected in the northern Vietnam and other Asian countries. The phylogenetic analysis also confirmed that detected CIAVs genetically differed from vaccine strains. In addition, deduced amino acids of the VP1 identified several critical amino acid substitutions in the VP1 protein that are likely associated with the virulence of CIAV. Conclusion: This is the first report to detect and determine genetic characterization of the circulating CIAVs in the MD. Therefore, this study provides important understanding on the evolution of CIAVs and highlights the importance of implementing prompt control measures against CIAVs in the MD and Vietnam.