Nephrotoxicity induced by different diameters of sphere gold nanoparticles with special emphasis on the nephroprotective role of quercetin

Abstract

Background: Although, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are attracting more and more attention due to their ease of synthesis, modification and great potential value in biomedical application, exhibited harmful effects on human health and other living species. Quercetin (Qur) clarify diverse pharmacological effects specially anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antioxidant ones. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the probable nephrotoxicity induced by different diameters of sphere GNPs, as well as the nephroprotective role of Qur. Methods: A total of fifty-four healthy mature male albino rats were grouped and treated with or without sphere GNPs; 10, 20 & 50 nm and quercetin (200 mg/kg b.wt.). The effects of GNPs and Qur were estimated through the collections of blood and kidney samples from euthanized rats and performed to biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical investigations. Results: In comparison between different diameters of GNPs, the 10 nm GNPs revealed more significant elevations in all renal function parameters; Creatinine, Urea, BUN and Uric acid followed by 20 nm then 50 nm. Pre-cotreatment with Qur decreased all renal functional values. Histopathologically, 10 nm revealed the most potent renal pathological changes that represented in renal cortex with cloudy swelling of renal tubules, hypercellularity of some glomeruli, severe congestion of renal blood vessels, focal inter tubular edema, and vascular endotheliosis (degeneration of endothelium). In addition, the renal medulla revealed perivascular inflammatory cellular infiltration, perivascular fibrosis, intra tubular glycogen deposition and casts deposition of mainly cellular casts. On the other hand, Qur treatment ameliorated most of these pathological changes. Conclusion: The size of GNPs is pivotal in their pathological effect on renal tissues where the small-sized GNPs; 10 nm has more potent cytotoxic, inflammatory, and apoptotic effects rather than the larger ones. Otherwise, Qur clarified a significant mitigating role against the nephrotoxicity of the GNPs.