Wild plants used for food by Hungarian ethnic groups living in the Carpathian Basin

Abstract

A list of plant species used for food in Hungary and among Hungarian ethnic groups of the Carpathian Basin during the 19th and 20th centuries was compiled from 71 ethnographic and ethnobotanical sources and a survey among contemporary Hungarian botanists. Species used as food, spice, beverage or occasional snacks were collected. Sources mention 236 plant species belonging to 68 families. Most wild fleshy fruits (mostly <em>Rosa</em>, <em>Ru</em><em>bus</em>, <em>Cornus</em>, <em>Ri</em><em>bes</em>, <em>Vaccinium </em>spp.), dry fruits and seeds (<em>Fagus</em>, <em>Quercus</em>, <em>Corylus</em>, <em>Castanea</em>, <em>Trapa </em>spp.), several green vegetables (e.g. <em>Rumex</em>, <em>Urtica</em>, <em>Humulus</em>, <em>Chenopodiaceae </em>spp., <em>Ranunculus ficaria</em>), bulbs and tubers (<em>Lathyrus tuberosus</em>, <em>Helianthus tuberosus</em>, <em>Chaerophyllum bulbosum</em>, <em>Allium </em>spp.) used for food in Europe, are also known to be consumed in Hungary. A characteristic feature of Hungarian plant use was the mass consumption of the underground parts of several marsh (e.g. <em>Typha</em>, <em>Phragmites</em>, <em>Sagittaria</em>, <em>Alisma</em>, <em>Butomus</em>, <em>Bolboschoenus </em>spp., as well as the endemic <em>Armoracia macrocarpa</em>) and steppe species (e.g. <em>Crambe tataria</em>, <em>Rumex pseudonatronatus</em>). Consuming wild food plants is still important among Hungarians living in Transylvania: even nowadays more than 40 species are gathered and used at some locations.