Analysis of electromyographic changes in gastrocnemius muscle on exposure to 24 h of dry supine immersion

Abstract

Introduction: Under microgravity, changes are observed in both structure and content of the gravity-dependent muscles. This may result in disuse atrophy and muscle weakening. However, changes have not been described in the short term exposure of 24 h. Examination of changes in electromyographic activity of the gastrocnemius muscle, on exposure to 24 h of simulated microgravity using dry supine immersion (DSI), was the desired objective of the study. Material and Methods: Ten healthy volunteers were exposed to 24 h of simulated microgravity using DSI. The force generated by maximal voluntary contraction of isometric plantar flexion of ankle was recorded. Electromyography (EMG) of the gastrocnemius corresponding to more than 80% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (labeled as submaximal contraction) was recorded pre- and post-exposure to 24 h of DSI. Results: Time domain analysis of the surface EMG of gastrocnemius during submaximal contraction revealed a significant increase in mean integrated EMG (iEMG) amplitude (effect size = 0.73, P = 0.031) following 24 h DSI. Power spectral analysis showed a significant decrease in mean frequency (MNF) (P = 0.043) and median frequency (MDF) (P = 0.024) after 24 h DSI. No significant changes were observed in total power, mean power (MNP), and maximal voluntary contraction. A very strong negative correlation was noted between iEMG, MNF, and MDF for the duration of submaximal voluntary contraction (R = −0.827 and −0.810, P = 0.003 and 0.004, respectively); whereas, a very strong positive correlation was noted between iEMG and MNP (R = 0.911, P = 0.002). Conclusion: The findings of the study point toward muscle weakening seen by an early onset of muscle fatigue in anti-gravity muscles as early as 24 h of exposure to microgravity. The same may be borne in mind even during very short duration human space missions.